Olecranon fractures flower mound

Olecranon fractures (OFs) represent approximately 10% of all elbow and 20% of proximal forearm fractures 5, 10 and are also the most common type of proximal ulna fracture. 5, 11 As per literature, the incidence of this type of fracture varies from 11.5 to 12 per 100,000 population, 5, 6 and it can be caused by various traumatic mechanisms, …

Olecranon fractures flower mound. Introduction: The gold standard for treating transverse olecranon fractures is tension band fixation. A problem with this technique is migration of the K-wires leading to premature hardware removal. The aim of this study is to compare stability provided by two new techniques designed to eliminate the problem with backing out of K-wires, with that of the …

Follow-up. Isolated undisplaced/stable fracture. Immobilisation in above-elbow backslab in 90 degrees elbow flexion with sling. Fracture clinic in 1 week with x-ray. Displaced/unstable and combined fracture. Place arm in above-elbow backslab in 90 degrees elbow flexion and refer to nearest orthopaedics on call service.

Case Discussion. Olecranon fractures can be avulsion type injuries from triceps muscle traction, or be fractured from a direct blow. In both instances, there is likely to be a degree of distraction given the flexion action of triceps. In this case, it is likely to be fracture from direct force as avulsion injuries tend to be smaller. What You Need to Know Olecranon Fracture. Olecranon fractures are common and occur at the pointy end of the elbow. This type of fracture is often caused by a direct blow to the elbow or from landing on your elbow. Symptoms of an olecranon fracture may include pain, tenderness, swelling and the inability to straighten the elbow or pain while ... Fractures of the bones are classified in a number of ways. A simple fracture involves a single fracture line through a bone. A comminuted fracture is one in which the bone has been...Olecranon fractures can be complex injuries presenting the treating physician with a wide array of surgical and non-surgical options. A successful functional outcome after olecranon fractures correlates directly with accuracy of anatomic joint reduction, restoration of mechanical stability that allows early motion, respect for the soft …Si hablamos de fractura con desplazamiento, requerirá cirugía para reconstruir la anatomía de la zona. Una vez realizada la misma (aunque exista material de osteosíntesis de dicha cirugía), o bien si no ha existido dicha fractura desplazada, la magnetoterapia se presenta como una gran opción terapéutica para consolidación de la fractura ...Olecranon fractures are observed almost 10% of upper extremity fractures in adults. 1 Simple displaced transverse fractures are common injuries located in the Mayo type 2 classification, including 85% of all the olecranon fractures. 2,3 In surgical treatment, open anatomic reduction and internal fixation have been found effective in regaining the …

Olecranon fractures account for approximately 1% of all upper extremity fractures (Duckworth 2012), with an annual incidence of 11.5 to 12 per 100,000 population (Duckworth 2012; Karlsson 2002). These fractures are caused by either direct or indirect trauma (Bailey 2001; MacDermid 2001; Newman 2009; Veillette 2008).Olecranon fractures are common. They are usually managed surgically with open reduction and either tension band wiring or plate fixation. Currently, there are few studies comparing fracture treatments. We aim to review the available literature to guide the orthopaedic surgeon on the management of these fractures. A literature review of peer …Munich-based workflow automation service Flowers Software today announced that it has raised a $3.2 million seed funding round. Workflow automation may not be what gets you out of ...The Insider Trading Activity of Flowers Derek A. on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksHip fracture surgery is done to repair a break in the upper part of your thigh bone. This article tells you how to take care of yourself when you go home from the hospital. Hip fra...Clinical results of olecranon fractures treated with multiplanar locked intramedullary nailing. 2013 Mar;27 (3):140-4. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e318261906e. Proximal ulnar fractures have traditionally been fixed with either tension band wiring or plate and screw fixation. These traditional techniques often irritate the surrounding soft tissues ...Using a Water Pick to Arrange Flowers - Using a water pick in flower arrangements can create a variety of effects. Learn how to use a water pick in your cut floral arrangement. Adv...

Clinical results of olecranon fractures treated with multiplanar locked intramedullary nailing. 2013 Mar;27 (3):140-4. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e318261906e. Proximal ulnar fractures have traditionally been fixed with either tension band wiring or plate and screw fixation. These traditional techniques often irritate the surrounding soft tissues ...The incidence of olecranon fractures, especially in the elderly, is rising (1, 2).Displaced fractures have traditionally been treated operatively to re-establish the congruency of the ulnar joint-surface and to re-attach the triceps tendon ().The most frequent operative methods for fixation of a displaced fracture are tension band wiring (TBW) and …Introduction. Fractures of the olecranon are rare and account for 5% of all elbow fractures during skeletal growth ().These fractures generally occur between 5 and 10 years of age and the most common mechanism of injury is trauma onto either an outstretched hand or a flexed elbow; they are commonly associated with additional …Olecranon fractures are seen substantially more often in children than in adult and are potentially occult in nature. We noticed this fracture pattern in two cases of delayed Monteggia fracture. Our study purpose was to confirm whether olecranon fracture is associated with radial head subluxation or annular ligamentous displacement in children.

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Fractures of the olecranon are usually due to a fall on an outstretched hand or a direct blow to the elbow. Avulsion fractures of the olecranon (which occurs when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone) rarely occur when the triceps tendon pulls off a piece of the olecranon.Introduction. Fractures of the olecranon account for approximately 20% of all proximal forearm fractures, with the most common mechanism of injury being a simple fall from standing height and the most common type being Mayo 2A. 1 Various fixation methods are available to treat olecranon fractures, such as tension band wiring (TBW), …Four eligible studies combined for a total of 69 patients with 70 fractures with an average age of 83.8 years (71-95 years), female predominance of 88%, and a mean follow-up of 12.4 months who underwent nonoperative management of displaced olecranon fractures. While only 25% of fractures went on to radiographic union, the mean …Jan 18, 2017 · Introduction. Olecranon fractures account for 0.9% of all fractures and 10% of all upper extremity fractures. 1 Most fractures are simple transverse intra-articular fractures that occur from standing height falls; however, higher energy injuries may result in substantial articular comminution or be part of a more complex fracture dislocation pattern. 1 Olecranon fractures account for 0.9% of all fractures and 10% of all upper extremity fractures. 1 Most fractures are simple transverse intra-articular fractures that occur from standing height falls; however, higher energy injuries may result in substantial articular comminution or be part of a more complex fracture dislocation pattern. 1.Some of your favorite flowers also make a surprisingly tasty meal. Flowers give us vibrant pops of color in our garden and beautiful centerpieces for special occasions—but it’s eas...

The olecranon is the region of the proximal ulna that extends from the tip of the ulna to the coronoid process. Three main anatomic features must be recalled when treating fractures of the olecranon. First, the olecranon is the site of insertion of the triceps—a muscle whose action would tend to displace a fracture.Sanvitalia is an annual flower that although not a zinnia, has enough resemblance to be called a creeping zinnia. Learn about this yellow flower. Advertisement Sanvitalia is an ann...Utilisation of intramedullary screw fixation for olecranon fracture reduction has the advantage of decreasing irritation to surrounding tissues, while providing stability to facilitate early range of motion. 9–12 Intramedullary fixation has been previously proposed using the 6.5-mm cancellous screws from the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen (AO) …The incidence of olecranon fractures, especially in the elderly, is rising (1, 2).Displaced fractures have traditionally been treated operatively to re-establish the congruency of the ulnar joint-surface and to re-attach the triceps tendon ().The most frequent operative methods for fixation of a displaced fracture are tension band wiring (TBW) and …Elbow fractures represent approximately 5% to 10% of all pediatric fractures. 7 Of these, the incidence of an isolated olecranon fracture is 12% to 20%, 7,24 with physeal injury still rarely described in the orthopaedic literature. 6,10,11,17,29,31 The olecranon initially forms as multiple ossification centers which are first radiographically ... The Mayo classification system of olecranon fractures are based on the displacement of the olecranon, comminution and elbow stability. There are 3 types of fractures, each with two subtypes. Type I: Non-comminuted and minimally comminuted fractures; Type II: Displaced fracture with intact ulnar collateral ligaments Olecranon fractures are observed almost 10% of upper extremity fractures in adults. 1 Simple displaced transverse fractures are common injuries located in the Mayo type 2 classification, including 85% of all the olecranon fractures. 2,3 In surgical treatment, open anatomic reduction and internal fixation have been found effective in regaining the …Anatomy. To correctly treat olecranon fractures we must understand its place in the proximal ulna anatomy and its importance in the normal elbow biomechanics. The elbow …Fractures of the olecranon process of the ulna typically occur as a result of a motor-vehicle or motorcycle accident, a fall, or assault. N'ondisplaced fractures can be treated with a short period of immobilization followed by gradually increasing range of motion. Open reduction and internal fixation is the standard treatment for displaced ...Introduction. Fractures of the olecranon account for approximately 20% of all proximal forearm fractures, with the most common mechanism of injury being a simple fall from standing height and the most common type being Mayo 2A. 1 Various fixation methods are available to treat olecranon fractures, such as tension band wiring (TBW), …Key words. Fracture. olecranon. proximal ulna. review. O lecranon fractures are common injuries for all age groups. It is thought that most olecranon fractures occur through a …

This study analysed whether, under high loading conditions, these new double plates provide an equivalent stability as compared to the rigid olecranon locking compression plate (LCP). Materials and methods: In Sawbones, Mayo Type IIB fractures were simulated and stabilized by plate osteosyntheses: In group one, two low-profile plates were placed.

Paper flowers are a paper craft for kids and adults alike, and they last longer than real flowers! Learn how to make several kinds of paper flowers. Advertisement Making paper flow...Purpose: The tension band wiring (TBW) technique is a common treatment for the fixation of olecranon fractures with up to three fragments. The literature and surgeons describe TBW as an uncomplicated, always available and convenient operation producing excellent results. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TBW is more ambitious ...Fractures in brief: Olecranon fractures. Fractures in brief: Olecranon fractures Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Dec;470(12):3637-41. doi: 10.1007/s11999-012-2393-5. Authors Laura Wiegand 1 , Joseph Bernstein, Jaimo Ahn. Affiliation 1 Department of ...Methods. This study reviewed 239 TBW cases in patients with olecranon fractures or osteotomies. We reviewed a total of 2,252 X-rays for ten operative imperfections: (1) nonparallel K-wires, (2) long K-wires, (3) K-wires extending radially outwards, (4) insufficient fixation of the proximal ends of the K-wires, (5) intramedullary K …Find out everything you need to know for how to open a flower shop so you can get your business up and running without making common mistakes. If you buy something through our link...Simulated oblique olecranon fractures were created in eight pairs of fresh-frozen cadaver ulnae and stabilised using either the LCP or ION. Specimens were then subjected to continuous dynamic loading (from 25 to 200 N), with a continuous angle alteration between 0° and 90° of flexion, to perform a matched-pairs comparison.Jun 24, 2022 · After an injury, an olecranon fracture can cause pain of the elbow or difficulty moving the elbow. Symptoms of an olecranon fracture include: Pain behind the elbow. Difficulty bending the elbow joint. Swelling and bruising of the elbow. Deformity of the bone behind the elbow. Feeling like the elbow is going to "pop out" of place. Purpose Tension band wiring is the standard treatment for olecranon fractures, but it is associated with high rate of implant-related complication. To reduce this high complication rate, we developed a modified technique, locked tension band wiring (LTBW). The aim of this study was to investigate whether LTBW reduces complication …

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Introduction. Fractures of the olecranon are rare and account for 5% of all elbow fractures during skeletal growth ().These fractures generally occur between 5 and 10 years of age and the most common mechanism of injury is trauma onto either an outstretched hand or a flexed elbow; they are commonly associated with additional …Olecranon fractures are common upper extremity fractures usually subject to surgical fixation. Several options exist for olecranon fracture treatment, tension band, plating, intramedullary nail and fragment excision with triceps advancement are the most used but no technique is suitable for the management of all olecranon fractures and each one is …First Online: 17 November 2021. 984 Accesses. Abstract. Olecranon fractures make up a significant amount of upper extremity fractures (10%). They usually occur from a fall on …The term March fracture was first applied to leg fractures to the tibia or shinbone of soldiers during the 1855 Crimean War, as a result of the harsh marching conditions. Today, th...FIGURE 11-15. The tension band wire is crossed over the posterior surface of the. olecranon, threaded through the tip of the angiocatheter, and pulled. out through the opposite side of the triceps tendon. FIGURE 11-16. Two loops are made in the tension band wire, one knot on each side of the ulna.Olecranon fractures are common injuries of the upper extremity; majority are treated surgically. A variety of fixation techniques are available to surgeons in modern practice, but there is little comparative clinical research to guide one's decision. Nonetheless, good results over all are to be expected after surgical management. This article presents a … The olecranon is the portion of the ulna (one of the bones in the forearm) that “cups” and fits tightly with the end of the humerus (upper arm bone). It is covered by cartilage that allows it to move easily. The triceps (large muscle in the back of the arm) attaches to the olecranon to allow to you straighten your arm. Introduction. Mayo Type II olecranon fractures that are isolated and closed (Mayo Type II = OTA/AO 21-B1) 1 are the most common olecranon fracture. 2 Using the Mayo classification, these displaced fractures can be either non-comminuted (subtype A) or comminuted (subtype B). Probably, the majority of these fractures undergo operative …After an injury, an olecranon fracture can cause pain of the elbow or difficulty moving the elbow. Symptoms of an olecranon fracture include: Pain behind the elbow. Difficulty bending the elbow joint. Swelling and bruising of the elbow. Deformity of the bone behind the elbow. Feeling like the elbow is going to "pop out" of place.Compression fractures of the back are broken vertebrae. Vertebrae are the bones of the spine. Compression fractures of the back are broken vertebrae. Vertebrae are the bones of the... Immediate treatment may also include: Applying ice to reduce pain and swelling. Medications to relieve pain. If the pieces of bone are not out of place, a fracture can sometimes be treated with a splint to hold the elbow in place while it heals. During the healing process, your doctor will take frequent x-rays to make sure the bone has not ... ….

Introduction. Fractures of the olecranon are rare and account for 5% of all elbow fractures during skeletal growth ().These fractures generally occur between 5 and 10 years of age and the most common mechanism of injury is trauma onto either an outstretched hand or a flexed elbow; they are commonly associated with additional …Objectives: We hypothesize that clinical results and patient outcomes following treatment of olecranon fractures with a congruent elbow plating system will be comparable to other available plating systems. Our results will be compared to previously published reports. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Level 1 academic referral center.Structure and Function. The olecranon is the region of the proximal ulna that extends from the tip of the ulna to the coronoid process. Three main anatomic features …History. Olecranon fractures are relatively common in adults. The various fracture patterns differ in their mechanical characteristics and how they might best be treated surgically [].Colton [] developed a classification system of olecranon fractures in 1973.The Colton classification was based on fracture morphology, mechanism of injury, and stability of … Complications. loss of fixation and nonunion; occurs most often in olecranon fractures which occur along the distal half of the sigmoid notch; in this case, an olecranon nonunion was treated w/ a one third tubular hook plate. Complications of tension-band wiring of olecranon fractures. Surgical treatment of displaced olecranon fractures by ... Abstract. The authors report clinical and radiologic results of a series of 26 children who sustained an olecranon fracture, reviewed with a mean follow-up of 59 months. Mean age at time of trauma was 9 years. Direct trauma was the most common mechanism, and a radial head fracture was associated in one third of the cases.Background: The aim of this single-center, single-blinded, prospective randomized trial was to compare the outcomes of tension-band wire (TBW) and plate fixation for simple isolated, displaced fractures of the olecranon. Methods: We performed a prospective randomized trial involving 67 patients who were ≥16 to <75 years of age and …Transverse or oblique. Simple or comminuted. By the amount of involvement of the articular surface in the olecranon notch ( 1) Type 1: Proximal 1/3 of the notch. …Olecranon (Elbow) Fractures. When you bend your elbow, you can easily feel its “tip,” a bony prominence that extends from one of the lower arm bones (the ulna). That tip is called the olecranon (oh-lek’-rah-nun). It is positioned directly under the skin of the elbow, without much protection from muscles or other soft tissues. Olecranon fractures flower mound, Fractures of the olecranon account for about 10% of upper extremity fractures, 1, 2 with the majority occurring in elderly patients. 1, 3 Usually these …, Abstract. The optimal management and long-term outcomes of olecranon fractures in the paediatric population is not well understood. This systematic review …, Since olecranon fractures involve the articular surface, two imperatives must be met if open reduction and internal fixation are. to be carried out: Fixation must be stable enough to permit mobilization within 5 days. Anatomic or essentially normal surface reduction (within 1 mm) and normal sigmoid notch contour must be achieved., Introduction. Olecranon osteotomy is often performed in dogs to improve surgical exposure during the repair of distal (supracondylar or condylar) humeral fractures, to facilitate open reduction of elbow luxation, and to simplify exposure and implant application during elbow arthrodesis (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8).In humans, olecranon fracture or osteotomy repair is …, Some of your favorite flowers also make a surprisingly tasty meal. Flowers give us vibrant pops of color in our garden and beautiful centerpieces for special occasions—but it’s eas..., Summarize the diagnostic approach for an evaluation and assessment of a patient presenting with a potential olecranon fracture, …, Olecranon fractures fixed to the traditional TBW method classified as group A. Firstly, the olecranon fracture was reduced and maintained by using two towel clamps: one for rotation control of the distal fragment and the other for antigliding and compression of the fracture line. Later, two parallel 1.6 mm K-wires were inserted tangentially ..., Since olecranon fractures involve the articular surface, two imperatives must be met if open reduction and internal fixation are. to be carried out: Fixation must be stable enough to permit mobilization within 5 days. Anatomic or essentially normal surface reduction (within 1 mm) and normal sigmoid notch contour must be achieved., Closed fracture of olecranon of right elbow; Right olecranon (elbow) fracture; ICD-10-CM S52.021A is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v 41.0): 562 Fracture, sprain, strain and dislocation except femur, hip, pelvis and thigh with mcc; 563 Fracture, sprain, strain and dislocation except femur, hip, pelvis and thigh without mcc , Clinical results of olecranon fractures treated with multiplanar locked intramedullary nailing. 2013 Mar;27 (3):140-4. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0b013e318261906e. Proximal ulnar fractures have traditionally been fixed with either tension band wiring or plate and screw fixation. These traditional techniques often irritate the surrounding soft tissues ..., Purpose Tension band wiring is the standard treatment for olecranon fractures, but it is associated with high rate of implant-related complication. To reduce this high complication rate, we developed a modified technique, locked tension band wiring (LTBW). The aim of this study was to investigate whether LTBW reduces complication …, Transverse or oblique. Simple or comminuted. By the amount of involvement of the articular surface in the olecranon notch ( 1) Type 1: Proximal 1/3 of the notch. …, Treatment of Isolated Olecranon Fractures. Greater severity of displacement and/or comminution usually require operative management. The Mayo classification is commonly used to classify the degree of displacement, comminution, and stability ( 1 ). Initial management for most cases is a long arm posterior splint and close orthopedic follow-up. , Introduction. Fractures of the olecranon are rare and account for 5% of all elbow fractures during skeletal growth ().These fractures generally occur between 5 and 10 years of age and the most common mechanism of injury is trauma onto either an outstretched hand or a flexed elbow; they are commonly associated with additional …, Cool weather doesn’t mean your landscape has to become bleak and brown. Here are 15 flowers that will bring bright colors and visual appeal to your fall garden. Expert Advice On Im..., Abstract. Objectives: 1) Determine effects of computed tomography (CT) on reproducibility of olecranon fracture classification. 2) Determine effects of CT utilization on inter-observer agreement regarding management of olecranon fractures. 3) Evaluate factors associated with articular impaction. Methods: Seven surgeons retrospectively evaluated ..., After an injury, an olecranon fracture can cause pain of the elbow or difficulty moving the elbow. Symptoms of an olecranon fracture include: Pain behind the elbow. Difficulty bending the elbow joint. Swelling and bruising of the elbow. Deformity of the bone behind the elbow. Feeling like the elbow is going to "pop out" of place., Olecranon fractures occur as the result of one of four mechanisms 2: direct blow (or fall directly on the elbow) fall on outstretched hand with elbow flexed. avulsion fracture - e.g. triceps bony avulsion. stress fracture , e.g. throwing athletes and gymnasts. It is important to remember that the ulnar nerve is closely related to the medial ..., A clinical and radiographic comparison of tension band wiring and plate fixation. - plate fixation: - excision of olecranon: - resection of proximal fragment & reattachment of triceps is reserved for elderly patients w/ osteoporotic bone; - frx must be proximal to middle of the trochlear notch or involve < 50% of articluar surface (otherwise ..., Oct 14, 2020 · Four eligible studies combined for a total of 69 patients with 70 fractures with an average age of 83.8 years (71-95 years), female predominance of 88%, and a mean follow-up of 12.4 months who underwent nonoperative management of displaced olecranon fractures. While only 25% of fractures went on to radiographic union, the mean Disabilities of ... , Oct 1, 2018 · Tension band fixation of displaced transverse intra-articular olecranon fractures in children and adolescents, including both TBW and TBS constructs, produces good outcomes with union occurring in nearly 90% of fractures with a single surgical procedure. However, within a subgroup of patients with TBS constructs, weight greater than 50 kg was ... , Jun 24, 2022 · After an injury, an olecranon fracture can cause pain of the elbow or difficulty moving the elbow. Symptoms of an olecranon fracture include: Pain behind the elbow. Difficulty bending the elbow joint. Swelling and bruising of the elbow. Deformity of the bone behind the elbow. Feeling like the elbow is going to "pop out" of place. , Fractures of the olecranon process of the ulna typically occur as a result of a motor-vehicle or motorcycle accident, a fall, or assault. N'ondisplaced fractures can be treated with a short period of immobilization followed by gradually increasing range of motion. Open reduction and internal fixation is the standard treatment for displaced ..., Non-displaced fractures in which the extensor mechanism is intact, such as type I fractures, may be treated non-operatively. The elbow should be immobilised in 30 o of flexion for at least 6 weeks. However, some authors recommend gradual, protected range of motion to begin at 7–21 days, avoiding flexion past 90 o., Purpose Tension band wiring is the standard treatment for olecranon fractures, but it is associated with high rate of implant-related complication. To reduce this high complication rate, we developed a modified technique, locked tension band wiring (LTBW). The aim of this study was to investigate whether LTBW reduces complication …, Olecranon fractures are common. They are usually managed surgically with open reduction and either tension band wiring or plate fixation. Currently, there are few studies comparing fracture treatments. We aim to review the available literature to guide the orthopaedic surgeon on the management of these fractures. A literature review of peer …, CHAPTER 25 Fractures of the Olecranon Julie E. Adams, Scott P. Steinmann INTRODUCTION The subcutaneous location of the olecranon makes it vulnerable to trauma.7 Isolated fractures of the olecranon comprise approximately 10% of fractures about the elbow,26,38 with an estimated incidence of 1.08 per 10,000 person …, May 17, 2012 · Olecranon (Elbow) Fractures. When you bend your elbow, you can easily feel its “tip,” a bony prominence that extends from one of the lower arm bones (the ulna). That tip is called the olecranon (oh-lek’-rah-nun). It is positioned directly under the skin of the elbow, without much protection from muscles or other soft tissues. , Nov 5, 2019 · Elbow fractures represent approximately 5% to 10% of all pediatric fractures. 7 Of these, the incidence of an isolated olecranon fracture is 12% to 20%, 7,24 with physeal injury still rarely described in the orthopaedic literature. 6,10,11,17,29,31 The olecranon initially forms as multiple ossification centers which are first radiographically ... , Find top doctors who treat Olecranon Fracture near you in Flower Mound, TX. Book an appointment today!, This study demonstrated that olecranon fractures have osteoporotic features, including age-dependent low bone attenuation and low-energy trauma as the predominant cause of injury. Our results suggest that osteoporosis evaluation should be considered for patients aged 50 years or more with olecranon fractures. Keywords: …, N2 - Despite being one of the most common injuries around the elbow, the optimal treatment of olecranon fractures is far from established and stimulates debate amongst both general orthopaedic trauma surgeons and upper limb enthusiasts alike. It is almost universally accepted that stable nondisplaced fractures can be safely treated non ..., Aug 2, 2017 · 28763412. 10.2106/JBJS.16.00773. The aim of this single-center, single-blinded, prospective randomized trial was to compare the outcomes of tension-band wire (TBW) and plate fixation for simple isolated, displaced fractures of the olecranon. The baseline demographic and fracture characteristics of the 2 groups were comparable, except for age ...